YOUNG
- critique of Kymlicka, structural injustice
- feminist
4 Waves of feminism:
1. Right to vote
2. Salary, legal equality, reproductive rights
3. Black feminism, intersectionality, gender identity
4. MeToo, trans rights, social media activism, etc.
‘the personal is the political’:
- private conducts impact political life (can Rawls’ distinction be maintained?)
[Rawls: public reason used to justify justice as fairness, private reason has no bearing on this]
‘throwing like a girl’
- Young argues that even in childhood significant differences between the sexes are noticeable, due to social conditioning
- embodying social norms
Structural injustice:
- opressions perpetuated economically, politically, culturally
- so we cannot be blind to differences; differences make the structure
Young & Kymlicka:
- we cannot be blind to differences, group differentiation is not a threat to liberalism, and must be acknowledged properly
- difference blindness is the real threat, since it literally makes people blind to an un-egalitarian society
- if we are blind and implement uniform laws we end up discriminating against the least advantaged (disabled ppl, poc, queer people, etc., etc.)
Young: structural injustice
Kymlicka: societal cultures
- Kymlicka conceptualizes only culture-binded blocks (the nation, the language…), but cannot properly think of more abstract forms like the race, the disability, the gender (since all black people do not share a unitary national culture for Kymlicka they would just be ‘American’, which is absurd because this ignores a fundamental social rift); only cultures can receive special rights
- Kymlicka argues only for toleration and acceptance of other cultures, essentially erasing inner-cultural rifts, etc.
Self-determination
- non-domination vs non-interference
- there will always be interference, but it cannot be domination, etc.
- federalism needed
- not Kymlicka’s vertical federalism, but a horizontal federalism
- making symmetry where there isn’t, better for smaller disadvantaged groups, etc.