HISTORY OF EUROPEAN COLONIZATION 7

LATIN AMERICA:

! Decolonization of Latin America:

during Napoleonic era most colonies become independant
Spanish colonies (weaker spain, inspired by nationalist movements, napoleonic freedom)
last colony is Portugese Brazil
Latin America is freeded from the periphery (Grenada via Simon Bolivar, 1810s, early 19th)
Then movement towards center
1819: Republic of Great-Columbia
1830: Great Colombia disintegrates into Colombia, Venezula, Ecuador

! early 1810s: Bolivar frees Caracas, Bogota. By 1819: Republic of Great Colombia. 1830: disintegration; Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador.

New Spain:

1810-15 Mexico: pro-Napoleon insurrection crushed by loyalists, plantation owners and upper classmen
1821: new Spanish constitution, too liberal, disliked by elite that crushed first insurrection, independant New Spain (conservative revolution leads to Mexico independence)
1822-40) Federal republic of Central America, disintegrates into a variety of smaller states (Guatemala, etc.)

Brazil (Portugese territory) (interesting case):

after Napoleonic invasion of Portugal the king of Portugal flees to Brazil
even post-Waterloo Portugese king stays there
king returns to Lisbon, his son stays there
this upsets Brazilian elite, who form insurrection. The king’s son is pro-Brazilian independence.
! 1822: Brazilian independence, under the king’s son - Emperor Pedro
this was all peacful, unlike other empires
this first Portugese decolonization is peacful. The next, late 20th century decolonization is violent.

Violence:

between EU nations
between EU nations and colonials (think proxi wars, Britian supporting Haiti and former Spanish colonies)
between colonies (US - loyalists/revolutionaries), Haiti slave insurrection
most peacful: Brazil (Emperor Pedro, no violent overthrow)

Interconnection:

inspiration by US independence
Haitian fought alongside Americans, returned home with ideas of revolution and optimism
US supports 1790s Haiti insurrection
Latin American revolutionaries
Haiti gives refuge to Bolivar (twice) after defeats
Carribean nations stay colonies because of the effects of Haiti

Continuity (between colonial and free eras):

apart from Haiti, elite stayed in power (social cementation)
elite was a white/creole minority (only in US the whites were a majority)
many countries kept slavery (over the course of 19th Century, first was Britian, others following slowly); US and Brazil maintin slavery
! same elite, slavery continues
many turn into empires: Brazil, Mexico, Haiti (leftover european social structuring); US is the exception
free trade, similar economies

! Back to 70 years war

WHITE SETTLER COLONIES:

Canada (& US):
Before 7 years war: British NA colonies, arrival of France, undeveloped New France. Post 7 years war: France kicked out, ownership by Brits, Spanish

US nationalists tried to include Canada in their revolution. They failed.
The French pop. in Canada thought they were better with Britian (britian had respected their religious and linguistic autonomy)
Britian supported nat. americans, bans US-France trade
! US invades Canada (1812-15), America loses and Canada stays British
migration of Brits to Canada, demographic change.
1791: Ontario (West): English law, Quebec (East): French law, done to accomodate British settlers
1837 rebellion in Canada (BNA): Canadians want more representation (similar to US).
Britian acts smarter, doesnt send troops - a report is written.
! Solution to rebellion: Union of Canada (no longer British/French); more british migration, still respectful of the French. More powerful Legislative Assembly in Canada.
1848: Responsible governance (new idea): government is responsible to parlament, not monarch. Canadians can rule their own
Dominion of Canada. Comlete union (1840) was ineffective. 1867: Canda in split into 4 provinces. No longer multiple colonies - Canda is now one single colony, divided into 4 provines.
! Dominion: colony with way more autonomy (still British, but has self-determination). This is very important for what Canda is.
(this idea of responsible governance is awarded only to white settler colonies - Canada, NZ, Australia)

Exploration of the Pacific:

novels, cultural fascination with the distant and oriental, lust for exploration, etc.
scientific developments, disease prevention, fascilitation of further exploration
! 18th Century: Easter Islands, Asia-America connection (Bering), Falklands, Tahiti, firs circumnavigation of the globe, circumnavigation of Australia…
! All of these eclipsed by James Cook: mapping NZ, claims Botany Bay/Sydney for Britian, crossed antartic circle (almost reached Antarctica), Hawaii, California, Alaska

Australia: a penal colony. a nation of shoplifters, petty criminals.

After loss of BNA, new penal colony needed, a large open air prison.
1787: first ships to Sydney with prisoners. 26th of January - National Australia Day, my Birthday as well
most were liberated, but few returned home.
like this Australia is gradually colonized by ex-convicts
1868: final convict transporation. 80 years of penal colony
through this process Australia becomes a white settler colony, very different from BNA.
! Steep decline of Aboriginals. Disease, resettlement, etc. In Tasmania - deliberate genocide via intentional disease spread. (from 350k to almost nothing).
Economic development: land form Aboriginals, urban development
Australia: economic growth via sheep farming (more sheep than ppl)
South-East Australia is the first point of colonization
over time Cambera is chosen as capital, 1908 Australia is unified.

NZ (mid to late 19th Century):

Migration:

1500-1783: 1.4mil to new world
1815-1914: 22.6mil left British Isles (62% to US, mainly Irish)
1918 onwards: white Aussie policy (1901-1949/73); 1922 Canada attracts migrants, 1924: US migration quotas

Responsible Government:

1867: Canada
1907: Australia, New Zeland,
1910: Newfoundland
1922: Ireland
1926: Balfour proclaims dominions equal in status to Britian.
1931: Dominions are now legal free states, only with close British ties
-1949/53: Britian forms Commonwealth of past-colonies (now 56 states)

Interconnectivity of commonwealth:

ties of families (one commonwealth, then another), buisness, education (studying across nations), media, sports, etc.
shared experiences (wars, crisies, relations to Britian)
! progressive political culture: responsible government, dominions, secret ballot, democratization, femmale suffrage, universal male suffrage
! in general: common history, common identity
across mid 20th Century: collapse of imperial citizenship (commonwealth citizens, considered british citizens)
slow drift away from British rule (changing flags, constitutions, leaving of Commonwealth, new leaders, etc., etc.)
Barbados recently became a republic, leaving the Commonwealth

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