HISTORY OF EUROPEAN COLONIZATION 12

HISTORY OF EUROPEAN COLONIZATION 12

4. East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Zanzibar)

• deverse region, 3 parts:

1. inland (2 plateaus around great lakes)
2. coastline (arab/portugese trade via Indian Ocean)

• 17th Century: Portugese influence, taken over by arabs in 17th

3. Zanzibar: island, once trade hub, very influencal on East African coast line

• basically most important part of EA

• Said bin Sultan (Oman leader), 19th, rules over via Zanzibar

• great EU interest in Africa (19th)

• Portugal had been there since 16th

• Britian/Germany - economic interest

• Britian - strategic interest (from Cape to Cairo, giant colony)

• expeditions:

1. Carl Peters (post Berlin conference, 1884) - treaties with inland chiefs
2. Search for Emin Pasha (equatorial governor)

• post-Berlin Conference

• South Africa - war; North Africa - very different

• East Africa - treaties

• December 1885: Sultan of Zanzibar is afraid of EU invasion, signs treaty

• 1886: EA inland divided:

1. British EA (Kenya)
2. German EA / Deutsch-Ostafrika (Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi)

• Division via Kilimanjaro (ignorant of ethnic boundaries)
• 1886: southern border with Portugal
• 1890: Equatoria/Uganda treaty (Zanzibar Helgoland treaty):
  Uganda - Britian; Germany recieves border with Congo
• this stops Cape to Cairo, but Britian persumes it to be provisional, to be changed later (considers Congo Free State as future free territory)
  Zanzibar - Britian, Helgoland (small EU island) - Germany. Zanzibar as colony, Helgoland as strategically useful for Germany; Madagascar - France
  [note: years AFTER Berlin conference, not during it]

Pacification: process of great violence

• Germans (most violent):
  1888-1902: 84 military operations! in German EA
  1905-1906: Maji Maji war
• British (carrot & stick):
  1894-1914: 50 West Kenya armed incidents
• French (Madagascar):
  late 19th: 1st & 2nd Franco-Hova wars (turbulent, violent)

5. SUDAN AND HORN OF AFRICA:

British interests:

• Region of Nile’s source (irrigation, flood, reclamation) - if you control source of Nile, you control Egyptian economy
• Cape to Cairo (again)
  France:
• Hangovers after Napoleon defeats (Nile & Pyramid battles)
• Sudan as second Sedan (Sedan is in France)
• From Dakar to Djibouti (West-East) Senegal to Djibouti
  Germany/Italy:
• regular ambitions as newcomers
  Leopold 2nd:
• wild, bloodthirsty ambitions

19th:
Britian: Somaliland - control over red sea
France: Djibouti - small, strategic
Italy: Eritrea, Somalia Italiana (desire to unite the two; sucess in 1936)

• it took a while to draw up these borders
• Ethiopia: much stronger, more united (Coptic church - Christian), has memory of a rich history (claims to be descendants of Solomon/Sheba - mythology, but cultural identity)
• Menelik the 2nd becomes Etheopian ruler due to Italian intervension
• Italians offer for Ethiopia to come Italian protectorate
• Menelik refuses, Italy begins war
• 1896: Ethiopians defeat Italy
• Ethiopia is NEVER colonized, one of the few African states to not be
• Menelik strikes alliance with France
• Brits scared by this
• 1896: Brits invade Sudan from the North
• Marchand (French) leads Congo-Nile expedition to expand French presence in the region
• Biggest French expedition in Central Africa, coming with a lot of gifts to win over local chiefs
• took 2 years
• South of Sudan - 1898

! In the end:

• Marchand returns home via Djibouti
• Sudan becomes English-Egyptian condominium (no longer Mahdi)
• Menelik is alarmed, unites Ethiopia
• End to French-Brit rivalry
• 1904: Entente Cordiale
  [Sides in WW1 are decided due to this part of the scramble for Africa]

6. WEST AFRICA:

South coast of West Africa: Patchwork of ports/settlements

• Dutch/Danish leave after abolishment of slavery in America
• New ambitions after slavery: palm oil, territorial expansion
• met with strong resitance, unity under Islam, strong states resistant to EU colonization (Samori states, Asanti, etc.)
  [this is around 1870]
  Portugese - Port. Guinea
  Spain - Span. Guinea
  Britian - Gambia, Sierra Leone, Niger delta
  France - Senegal (since 17th), Ivory coast
  United States - involved in Libera
  Germany - Togoland, Kamerut
  [patchwork of EU colonies]
• France wants to unite all of its colonies
• Brits allow French to untie some of their colonies (get seperated from mainland Africa)
• this is post-1890, so the rivalry was already over; also - most of this is Saharra, Brits saw this as a mere sandbox
• French: Afrique Oxidontale Frances (AOF)
• 1890: Algeria
• Djibouti: failed
• Gabon, Congo (1850s) & North - more territory (1890s)

7. NORTH AFRICA (part 2):

EU interest in Morrocco

• Spanish: very close, long presence on coast
• Britian: Gibraltar (since early 18th)
• France: Algeria (constant border disputes)
• Germany: prestiege
• Italy: frustrated over loss in Ethiopia

Similar thing in Tunisia/Egypt:

• Spanish, French & Brit interferences (1850s, 1860s)
• Conference of Madrid (1880):
  Europeans decide to keep Morocco independant (similar to China in early 20th)
  too many interests, too much competition

1st Moroccan Crisis (1905-6)

• Entente Cordiale France/Britian
• French attempt to create protectorate over Morocco
• 1906: Algeciras conference: Britian supports France, French/Spanish officers in Morocco (allowed by Brits)
• (1907: end of Great Game, France/Britian/Russia)

2nd Moroccan Crissi (1911-12)

• revolt against local leader

• France interviens

• Spain gains territory

• Germany intimidates with gunboat Panther

• !!! 1912: treaty of Fez (Moroccan sultan abducates, suceeded by his brother), France establishes protectorate over Morocco
  ! Morocco is the final African region to be colonized (by France)

• Germany recieves some land near Congo, which prevents France from uniting all its colonies

• Spain gets some South/West territory

• Itly gets Libiya

• Neither Britian nor France materialize their ambitions YET - but Britian does after WW1, and France unites all its North-Western colonies