HISTORY OF EUROPEAN COLONIZATION 11

[important: dont answer questions you arent sure about, lest you loose too many points]

also remember conclusions of the chapters (since each chapter is a question, the conclusion is an answer)

/// Continuation of Africa chapter ///

SOUTHERN AFRICA:
South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, etc.

-1652ff: established by VOC agents (established as way-station for traders, also agriculture

also Afrcian/Indian slaves, French huguenots (peasants who fled religious percecution)
rise of Cape Colony
Cape Town: first agricultural station
Stellenbosch: still looks very European
farmers move to North/East (from early 18th until 19th)
Frontier wars / Kafir wars (resistance by locals)
→ Cape Colony becomes only African white settler colony (maybe Algiers…)
South Africa doesn’t have white majority (not same league as USA, can, Au, NZ, etc.)
early 19th: British conquest
Cape Colony becomes British after Vienna Conference (dutch boers/farmers remain)
1830s: dutch farmers emigrate to the North/East - The Great Trek
Dutch fight with local population
1838: Zulu war (battle of blood river)
Cape Province/Boer Republics
1843: Natal annexed by Brits (might become too powerful)
1852: Transvaal recognized by Britian
leader of Trek: Andries Pretorius
1854: Orange Free State recognized (less important)

By 1900s:
Cape Colony / Natal (british), Orange Free State / Transvaal (int. recognized)

1870s: Cape Colony recieves responsible government (like Canada) / 1893: Same with Natal
New Kafir wars: total of 9 (30s, 40s, 60s, 70s)
[these wars have entered oblivion, common to colonization]
Shaka: admired Zulu general (Zulus considered powerful)
1877: Transvaal annexed by British (want to create united federation) / Brits want to add Boer republic to their empire
Not accepted lightly by boers
early 1880s: first Boer war (Paul Kruger/Boers win) / Brits also dont put this high on their agenda, concerned with Egypt at the time
Boers/Africanners: Dutch / French, generally multi-national

[Notably the united German state didnt exist yet - thats 1870]
! South West Africa:

German colonization starts with individual buisnessmen in Africa
Adolf Franz Luderitz:
1883 purchases a bay from Khoi, turns it into Luderitzland (South-West Africa)
Berlin follows him, Britian didn’t care about that coastline
1884: Berlin offers him political protection, turns Luderitzland into German protectorate

! South East Africa:

Santa Lucia Bay
1860s: Gems discovered near Vaal river (border between Cape Colony & Transvaal) (Kimberly)
Brits turn it into major diamond producing hotspot
1880s: Gold near Witwatersand (in Transvaal / Boer republic)
within years Transvaal transformed. Before - conservative farmer leadership
soon enough: mass immigration; immigrants are offered minimal political rights (seeds of apartheid)
Johanessburg: more dangerous, less historic due to this gold exploitation
[Basically: Transvaal - power in Boer Wars, transformation after discovery of gold: how does it transform???]
Ambitions of other EU nations in Southern Africa
Germans have explored the period.
Brits scared of German-Boer alliance (if it happens brits are overpowered)
Portugese ambition as well (had settlements on Angola/Mozambique) - they dreamed of a coast to coast dream, would also isolate Cape Colony
! Response 1880s: Cape Colony expands into North to drive a wedge
Botswana (1966 after independence) is part of these annexed territories; done by Cecil Rhodes
Cecil Rhodes: buisnessman driven there by diamonds
He moves up North of Botswana towards Zambia/Malawi, makes treaties
Lobengula/Rhodes treaty (Rhodes percieves it as if hes getting all of Australia, Lubengula like hes letting him dig a single hole)
Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi become Brit. colonies in second half of 19th; second half of 20th gain independence
[Conclusion: wedge has been driven between Germany/Boers and between the 2 Portugese colonies]

The African perspective (consequences for natives):

Lobengula resists after finding what he had signed, is defeated, commits suicide

!!! Ultimate clash: Second Boer War (1899-1902)

empire: initially 35k troops, soon 0,5mil
Boers: 100k troops (not as well organized, but more familiar with area)
horses, expertiese, etc.
britian sees equality in race, Boers want independence
major colonial war
propaganda, new warfare techniques
initially Boers score victories (Spionkop battle)
Churchill was there as a journalist, so was Ghandi as a stretcher
Boers find sympathy in Netherlands/Flanders (language connections) → Kruger beer
Boers had to find alone though
Britian is now WAY more determined to end this
Brits grow desperate to win
(interestingly: creator of the scouts is part of this war on Brit side)
1900: Brits advance to Boer Republics:

Kruger returns to Netherlands, dies in 1904
1901-2: guerilla war by the Boers, very brutal
attrocities by the Brits: living hostages (meat shields, barbed wires, executions, concentration camps)
concentration camps were new - civilians being held. Before this it was only military personel
30k Boers died in concentration camps
protests in Britian
Emily Hobhouse: fights for Boer rights after spread of horrifying picture of Boer child
1902: after 2 years of guerilla war Boers defeated, peace of Pretoria
! Boer republics become part of British empire
introduction of responsible government 1906/07
1910: Union of South Africa
1931: Westminister Independence
1948-90: Apartheid, dominated by Boers
After WW2 it oficially turns into apartheid regeme (black/white segragation)
Nelson Mandela (jailed 62-90): fights segregation, is first non-white South African president

?? notes