PRE-SOCRATICS
THALES: water/moisture
ANAXIMANDER: aperion, seperation-despair
ANAXIMENES: air
HERACLITUS: logos, fire, war, flux, becoming, change is the principle
PYTHAGOREANS: metempsychosis, number as essence, spiritual or mathematical
PARMENIDES: language/reality mirrors, no-motion, One being, arche is existence itself, reductor ad absurdum
ZENO: complete denial of change & motion, paradoxes
MELISSUS: inventor of the One
EMPEDOCLES: four roots, Love & Strife
ANAXAGORAS: infinite seeds, substance = property, Nous (imminent mind-seed)
DEMOCRITUS: atoms & void & nothing else, atomic difference in shape/orientation/order
XENOPHANES: proto-Sophist, anti-anthropomorphism, single/stable/unmoved God
SOPHISTS: man/nature break (so a quest for a human-structured society, project of opinion), anti-Perminidian, Physis vs Nomos (Convention vs Law)
PROTAGORAS: Way of Opinion, pure sense-perception, “man is the measure of everything”, truth only in rethorics, pluralism (not relativism)
GORGIAS: nothing exists (ef. unknowable, ef. uncommunicable), thought =/= reality, language makes us human
THE ACADEMY
SOCRATES: dialectics (open-ended, sarcastic, making the other admit their unawareness), unknowledge, search for universal truth
PLATO: categorization of dialogues, anti-writing, Dyad/Good/One, being vs becoming, realism, Forms/Universals, participation, dual-dialectic (collection & division of Forms), Demiurge using the eternal as model for the world, world Soul (transmitter of Forms), self-moving soul, soul-body dualism vs soul-soul dualism (rational vs irrational), tripatriate account, Myth of Er (past lives influence current), symmetry of micro-soul & macro-soul (person soul & city soul), justice as highest good of the soul, useful lies and illusions perserving justice, philosopher must help those in the dark cave
ARISTOTLE: syllogistic logic, universal metaphysical axioms (PNC/TND), categories/predicates, oussia/substance, essential/accidental predicates, first substances (Form + Matter), 4 Causes (Material/Formal/Efficient/Final), potentiality/1st actuality/2nd actuality, actuality prior, unmoved mover, Form = essence, substance = individual, essence = universal, genera are formal potentialities, soul as entelichia/essence, gradation, sight is formal perception (not material), active intellect, active reasonable life, eudaimonia, rational vs irrational soul-part, contemplative vs practical rationality, contemplation as best life
HELLENISTIC AGE
STOICISM: pure corporeality, extended soul, cyclic cosmos, imminent God, God-seed & necessity of seeding, un-parted soul, paths/affection, apathea as ultimate goal, indifferants, virtious sage, sayables/propositions, phantasia/image representations, kataleptic impressions (true), epoche, criterion of truth is only a self-evident impression, memory/anticipation/notions
EPICUREANISM: phil. is medicine of the soul, perception/anticipation/affection always true (what we see, what we may expect, how it affects us) but interpreted wrong often, musk seek our nature, atomistic worldview, order of the world is from chance, uncaring gods, we must seek tranqulity via natural/necessary pleasures
SKEPTICS: interdisciplinary discussions, refutations, akatalepsia (impossibility of distinguishing true from untrue impressions), epoche (belief suspension), act via suspicion
IMPERIAL ERA
PLOTINUS: 3 hypostates (One, Intellect, Soul), emmination, light-metaphysics, corporeal evil