- No references to the sources
- Only a citation in the bibliography / reference list but not in the footnotes / in the text
- Quotation without quotation marks or block citation (but with a citation) → the reader thinks that it is a paraphrase
- Incomplete or incorrect citation (= often a methodological mistake) e.g. refer to a book, but not to a specific page you have used
- Citing the source, but not always
- Translating a text without citing the original source
- Translating a quotation and citing the source, but without using quotation marks / block quotation
- Using a translation without citing the translation
- Paraphrasing, but not really (in fact almost quoting)
- Paraphrasing a secondary source, but only citing the primary source
- Borrowing a status quaestionis from a publication (X), but only citing the sources that are discussed in this publication (A, B, C, D, …)
- Copying an image, … without adequate citation
- Auto-plagiarism (self-plagiarism)